Elevator Wiki
Don't have an account?
Register
Register
in: Elevator companies based in Europe

Changes: Semag

Back to page
Sign in to edit
(12 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 7: Line 7:
 
|Row 2 title = Based in
  
|Row 2 title = Based in
 
|Row 2 info = Bareggio, Milan, Italy
  
|Row 2 info = Bareggio, Milan, Italy
  +
|Row 3 title = Subsidiary of
−
}}
  
  +
|Row 3 info = [[Liftmaterial|Lift Munich]]
−
'''Semag''' ('''''S'''istemi per '''E'''levatori '''M'''ontactichi ed '''A'''scensori in '''G'''enere'') was an elevator manufacturer from Bareggio, Milan, Italy. It is unknown when exactly the company was established, but it was believed to be established in the early 1970's as a purchasing department of [[Liftmaterial|Lift Munich]]. The current fate of the company is unknown.
 +
}}'''Semag''' ('''''S'''istemi per '''E'''levatori '''M'''ontactichi ed '''A'''scensori in '''G'''enere'') was an elevator manufacturer from Bareggio, Milan, Italy. It is unknown when exactly the company was established, but it was believed to be established in the early 1970's as a purchasing department of [[Liftmaterial|Lift Munich]]. The company merged with [[Liftmaterial|LM Liftmaterial GmbH]] in the 2000s and possibly defunct.
   
 
==Overseas distributors==
  
==Overseas distributors==
  +
A number of Semag elevators have been installed in several countries between the 1970s and 1990s, such as Finland (where a large number of installations can be found in several cities), Singapore, Hong Kong, New Zealand, and others.
−
Semag was known to have exported a number of elevators in several countries during the 1980's and 1990's, such as Finland (where a large number of installations can be found in several cities), Singapore, Hong Kong, New Zealand, and others. In Singapore and Hong Kong, Semag elevators were distributed and installed by [[Chevalier|Chevalier Group]], which was also the sole distributor of [[Toshiba (elevator)|Toshiba]] and [[Dong Yang Elevator|Dong Yang]] elevators in the 1990's. In New Zealand, their elevators were distributed by [[Elevators Pty. Ltd.]] (or known as EPL and later EPL KONE), of which very few of them were installed under the EPL KONE brand. Most Semag elevators in New Zealand are maintained by Kone, but a few of them are also maintained by Schindler. In the Philippines, Semag elevators were distributed by General Elevator and Escalator Corporation (started in 1977).
  
  +
  +
In Singapore and Hong Kong, Semag elevators were distributed and installed by [[Chevalier|Chevalier Group]], which was also the sole distributor of [[Toshiba (elevator)|Toshiba]] and [[Dong Yang Elevator|Dong Yang]] elevators in the 1990s. Because Chevalier also supplied Toshiba elevators in both regions, a few Semag elevators installed during that time used Toshiba's buttons instead of the standard "[[List of Kronenberg elevator fixtures|Kronenberg]]" buttons.
  +
  +
In New Zealand, Semag elevators were distributed by the New Zealand branch of [[Elevators Pty. Ltd.]] (or known as EPL and later EPL KONE), of which very few of them were installed under the EPL KONE brand. Most of them are maintained by [[Kone]], but a few of them are also maintained by [[Schindler]].
  +
  +
In the Philippines, Semag elevators were distributed by General Elevator and Escalator Corporation, which started in 1977<ref>[http://www.generalelevators.com General Elevator and Escalator Corporation]</ref>.
  +
  +
In Indonesia, Semag elevators were distributed by PT. Harton Tektama which began in 1974. It is unclear when the company stopped distributing Semag elevators, but it has been suggested to be around the 1980s when Harton Tektama decided to form [[Indolift]] (a local elevator company) and became the sole distributor of that brand.
   
 
==Fixtures==
  
==Fixtures==
−
===1970's===
 +
===1970s===
−
It is unknown what type of fixtures that were used by Semag in the 1970's.
 +
It is unknown what type of fixtures that were used by Semag in the 1970s.
   
−
===1980's to 1990's===
 +
===1980s to 1990s===
 
====Kroneberg====
  
====Kroneberg====
−
Many Semag elevators installed from the 1980's to early 1990's used fixtures made by Kronenberg from Germany. The buttons are small, rectangular plastic which protrudes from the panel and lights up entirely when pressed. The floor indicators are analog; they consists of illuminating black rectangles along with two larger green or white triangle shaped directional arrows. These fixtures were widely used in Finland and New Zealand. Some floor indicators in New Zealand, however, have LED floor indicator instead of analog display.
 +
Many Semag elevators installed from the 1980s to early 1990s used fixtures made by [[Kronenberg]] from Germany. The buttons are small, rectangular plastic which protrudes from the panel and lights up entirely when pressed. The floor indicators are analog; they consists of illuminating black rectangles along with two larger green or white triangle shaped directional arrows. These fixtures were widely used in Finland and New Zealand. Some floor indicators in New Zealand, however, have LED floor indicator instead of analog display.
   
 
[[File:SEMAG Traction elevator lift (Retake)|thumb|center|335 px|Late 1980's Semag elevator in Finland with rectangular Kronenberg buttons.]]
  
[[File:SEMAG Traction elevator lift (Retake)|thumb|center|335 px|Late 1980's Semag elevator in Finland with rectangular Kronenberg buttons.]]
Line 27: Line 36:
 
[[File:Amazing 1988 Semag traction elevator @Anjalanraitti 7B, Kouvola, Finland|thumb|center|335 px|Late 1990's Semag elevator in Finland with wedged buttons.]]
  
[[File:Amazing 1988 Semag traction elevator @Anjalanraitti 7B, Kouvola, Finland|thumb|center|335 px|Late 1990's Semag elevator in Finland with wedged buttons.]]
   
−
====Touch sensitive buttons====
 +
====Square buttons====
−
Possibly in the mid or late 1990's, some Semag elevators in Finland use touch sensitive buttons which resembles Kone Delta and K-Delta buttons along with LED dot matrix floor indicators.
 +
Possibly in the mid or late 1990's, some Semag elevators in Finland used square buttons which resembles Kone Delta and K-Delta buttons along with a simple LED dot matrix floor indicators.
   
 
[[File:Nice 1998 SEMAG Traction Elevator Lift@VASO Tiroli, Naantali, Finland|thumb|center|335 px|Late 1990's Semag elevator in Finland with touch sensitive buttons.]]
  
[[File:Nice 1998 SEMAG Traction Elevator Lift@VASO Tiroli, Naantali, Finland|thumb|center|335 px|Late 1990's Semag elevator in Finland with touch sensitive buttons.]]
Line 42: Line 51:
 
[[File:Jubilee Entertainment Centre, Singapore - SEMAG Hydraulic Elevator|thumb|center|335 px|1990's Semag elevator in Singapore with Toshiba buttons (provided by Chevalier)]]
  
[[File:Jubilee Entertainment Centre, Singapore - SEMAG Hydraulic Elevator|thumb|center|335 px|1990's Semag elevator in Singapore with Toshiba buttons (provided by Chevalier)]]
   
−
A few Semag elevators in Hong Kong which were installed in the early 2000's use generic Italian buttons and floor indicators with LED dot matrix display.
 +
A few Semag elevators in Hong Kong which were installed in the early 2000s use generic Italian buttons and floor indicators with LED dot matrix display.
   
 
[[File:尖沙咀香港歷史博物館Semag升降機(L1)；Semag elevator(L1) @ Hong Kong Museum of History, Tsim Sha Tsui|thumb|center|335 px|Early 2000's Semag elevator in Hong Kong with generic Italian buttons.]]
  
[[File:尖沙咀香港歷史博物館Semag升降機(L1)；Semag elevator(L1) @ Hong Kong Museum of History, Tsim Sha Tsui|thumb|center|335 px|Early 2000's Semag elevator in Hong Kong with generic Italian buttons.]]
Line 102: Line 111:
 
*Pitäjänmäentie 13C, Pitäjänmäki (1993)
  
*Pitäjänmäentie 13C, Pitäjänmäki (1993)
 
*Martinkatu 15A, Hyvinkää (1989)
  
*Martinkatu 15A, Hyvinkää (1989)
  +
*Hanko Library, Hanko (1989)
   
 
===Hong Kong===
  
===Hong Kong===
−
*Hong Kong Museum of History, Tsim Sha Tsui (1998)<ref>Elevators only, while the escalators choosing [[Toshiba (elevator)|Toshiba]]. Additional structure from Hong Kong Science Museum (elevators and escalators installed by [[Otis]] in 1991).</ref>
 +
*Hong Kong Museum of History, Tsim Sha Tsui (1998)<ref>Elevators only, while the escalators are [[Toshiba (elevator)|Toshiba]]. Additional structure from Hong Kong Science Museum (elevators and escalators installed by [[Otis]] in 1991).</ref>
−
*Hong Kong Public Records Building, Kwun Tong
 +
*Hong Kong Public Records Building, Kwun Tong (1997)
 
*Healthy Village (Redeveloped Phase 2) Car Park, North Point (1997)
  
*Healthy Village (Redeveloped Phase 2) Car Park, North Point (1997)
 
*Harmony Garden Car Park, Siu Sai Wan (1997)
  
*Harmony Garden Car Park, Siu Sai Wan (1997)
−
*Saddle Ridge Garden, Ma On Shan
 +
*Saddle Ridge Garden, Ma On Shan (1993)
−
*Portwealth Centre, Wan Chai
 +
*Portwealth Centre, Wan Chai (1995)
 
*Neway, Full Win Commercial Centre, Yau Mau Tei (1995)
  
*Neway, Full Win Commercial Centre, Yau Mau Tei (1995)
−
*Aberdeen Tennis & Squash Centre, Aberdeen
 +
*Aberdeen Tennis & Squash Centre, Aberdeen (2000)
 
*Bo Shek Mansion, Tsuen Wan (1996)
  
*Bo Shek Mansion, Tsuen Wan (1996)
 
*But San Primary School, Tuen Mun (2000)
  
*But San Primary School, Tuen Mun (2000)
 
*LCHKS Ma Kam Ming Charitable Foundation - Ma Chan Duen Hey Memorial College, Tseung Kwan O (1998)
  
*LCHKS Ma Kam Ming Charitable Foundation - Ma Chan Duen Hey Memorial College, Tseung Kwan O (1998)
  +
*Fanling Centre, Fan Ling (1991)
   
 
===Singapore===
  
===Singapore===
Line 120: Line 131:
 
*Jubilee Square, Ang Mo Kio
  
*Jubilee Square, Ang Mo Kio
 
*Toa Payoh Entertainment Centre
  
*Toa Payoh Entertainment Centre
  +
*Toa Payoh Library (modernized by [[9G Elevator]])
 
*Furama Riverview Hotel
  
*Furama Riverview Hotel
 
*Craig Place Car Park
  
*Craig Place Car Park
 
*West Coast Recreation Centre
  
*West Coast Recreation Centre
−
*Elite Industrial Building (modernized by IFE but done by Chevalier)
 +
*Elite Industrial Building (modernized by [[IFE]] but done by Chevalier)
   
−
===New Zealad===
 +
===New Zealand===
  +
*Willis Street Carpark, 155 Willis St, Wellington (1980)
 
*Bunnings Warehouse, Tory St, Wellington
  
*Bunnings Warehouse, Tory St, Wellington
 
*O'Connells, Queenstown
  
*O'Connells, Queenstown
Line 133: Line 146:
 
*Marktstrasse 28, Weinfelden, Switzerland
  
*Marktstrasse 28, Weinfelden, Switzerland
 
*Palazzo Tibelva, Via Cantonale 35, Lamone, Switzerland
  
*Palazzo Tibelva, Via Cantonale 35, Lamone, Switzerland
−
*Tunis Carthage International airport, Tunisia
 +
*Tunis Carthage International Airport, Tunisia
 
*Luxemboug Railway Station, Luxembourg
  
*Luxemboug Railway Station, Luxembourg
  +
==Gallery==
  +
<gallery>
  +
semagfinalcontact.gif|Newer Semag logo.
  +
Semag logo alt.jpg|Another newer Semag logo.
  +
</gallery>
  +
  +
==See also==
  +
*[[Liftmaterial]]
  +
*[[Sematic Group]]
  +
 
{{Reflist}}
  
{{Reflist}}
  +
  +
==External links==
  +
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20000614153642/https://www.semag.com/ Official website] (''archived'', June 14, 2000)
  +
*[http://www.dsdgroup.it/en/giovanni-capuano/ DSD GROUP Srl: Giovanni Capuano] (including some part of Semag's description)
  +
 
{{Elev Other Brands}}
  
{{Elev Other Brands}}
 
[[Category:Elevator companies based in Europe]]
  
[[Category:Elevator companies based in Europe]]

Revision as of 22:16, 15 October 2019

Semag Spa
Semag logo

Established

Possibly early 1970's

Based in

Bareggio, Milan, Italy

Subsidiary of

Lift Munich

Semag (Sistemi per Elevatori Montactichi ed Ascensori in Genere) was an elevator manufacturer from Bareggio, Milan, Italy. It is unknown when exactly the company was established, but it was believed to be established in the early 1970's as a purchasing department of Lift Munich. The company merged with LM Liftmaterial GmbH in the 2000s and possibly defunct.

Overseas distributors

A number of Semag elevators have been installed in several countries between the 1970s and 1990s, such as Finland (where a large number of installations can be found in several cities), Singapore, Hong Kong, New Zealand, and others.

In Singapore and Hong Kong, Semag elevators were distributed and installed by Chevalier Group, which was also the sole distributor of Toshiba and Dong Yang elevators in the 1990s. Because Chevalier also supplied Toshiba elevators in both regions, a few Semag elevators installed during that time used Toshiba's buttons instead of the standard "Kronenberg" buttons.

In New Zealand, Semag elevators were distributed by the New Zealand branch of Elevators Pty. Ltd. (or known as EPL and later EPL KONE), of which very few of them were installed under the EPL KONE brand. Most of them are maintained by Kone, but a few of them are also maintained by Schindler.

In the Philippines, Semag elevators were distributed by General Elevator and Escalator Corporation, which started in 1977[1].

In Indonesia, Semag elevators were distributed by PT. Harton Tektama which began in 1974. It is unclear when the company stopped distributing Semag elevators, but it has been suggested to be around the 1980s when Harton Tektama decided to form Indolift (a local elevator company) and became the sole distributor of that brand.

Fixtures

1970s

It is unknown what type of fixtures that were used by Semag in the 1970s.

1980s to 1990s

Kroneberg

Many Semag elevators installed from the 1980s to early 1990s used fixtures made by Kronenberg from Germany. The buttons are small, rectangular plastic which protrudes from the panel and lights up entirely when pressed. The floor indicators are analog; they consists of illuminating black rectangles along with two larger green or white triangle shaped directional arrows. These fixtures were widely used in Finland and New Zealand. Some floor indicators in New Zealand, however, have LED floor indicator instead of analog display.

SEMAG_Traction_elevator_lift_(Retake)

SEMAG Traction elevator lift (Retake)

Late 1980's Semag elevator in Finland with rectangular Kronenberg buttons.

Some Semag elevators in Finland also use a different type of Kronenberg buttons, which are wedged white rectangular buttons.

Amazing_1988_Semag_traction_elevator_@Anjalanraitti_7B,_Kouvola,_Finland

Amazing 1988 Semag traction elevator @Anjalanraitti 7B, Kouvola, Finland

Late 1990's Semag elevator in Finland with wedged buttons.

Square buttons

Possibly in the mid or late 1990's, some Semag elevators in Finland used square buttons which resembles Kone Delta and K-Delta buttons along with a simple LED dot matrix floor indicators.

Nice_1998_SEMAG_Traction_Elevator_Lift@VASO_Tiroli,_Naantali,_Finland

Nice 1998 SEMAG Traction Elevator Lift@VASO Tiroli, Naantali, Finland

Late 1990's Semag elevator in Finland with touch sensitive buttons.

Dewhurst

A lot of Semag elevators in Hong Kong are using Dewhurst buttons, usually the US81 or US81 Braille series. Very few installations in New Zealand are also using Dewhurst buttons instead of Kronenberg buttons.

Awesome_SEMAG_EPL-KONE_Traction_lift_at_a_Carpark_on_Willis_Street,_Wellington_CBD.

Awesome SEMAG EPL-KONE Traction lift at a Carpark on Willis Street, Wellington CBD.

Semag elevator in Wellington, New Zealand with Dewhurst buttons.

Other fixtures

In Singapore, Semag elevators installed in the 1990's normally use fixtures which were supplied by Chevalier (its sole distributor); these are black octagonal buttons with green illumination and digital floor indicators with segments display. Some elevators also use buttons from Toshiba or Dong Yang, possibly due to the fact that Chevalier was also a distributor of those said brands during the 1990's. Examples of this can be found in Toa Payoh Entertainment Centre, Jubilee Square, and Craig Place Car Park.

Jubilee_Entertainment_Centre,_Singapore_-_SEMAG_Hydraulic_Elevator

Jubilee Entertainment Centre, Singapore - SEMAG Hydraulic Elevator

1990's Semag elevator in Singapore with Toshiba buttons (provided by Chevalier)

A few Semag elevators in Hong Kong which were installed in the early 2000s use generic Italian buttons and floor indicators with LED dot matrix display.

尖沙咀香港歷史博物館Semag升降機(L1)；Semag_elevator(L1)_@_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_History,_Tsim_Sha_Tsui

尖沙咀香港歷史博物館Semag升降機(L1)；Semag elevator(L1) @ Hong Kong Museum of History, Tsim Sha Tsui

Early 2000's Semag elevator in Hong Kong with generic Italian buttons.

Notable installations

Finland

Helsinki

  • Kiasma Museum, Helsinki (1996)
  • Viking Line/Skatudden Terminal, Helsinki
  • Eerikinkatu 1, Helsinki
  • Malminkaari 10, Malmi, Helsinki (1989)
  • Kirvesmiehenkatu 4, Herttoniemi, Helsinki (1991)
  • Hotel Lilla Roberts, Helsinki (1992)
  • Fenniakortteli, Mikonkatu 17C, Helsinki (modernized by Schindler)
  • Ogeli Shopping Center, Oulunkylä, Helsinki (modernized by Schindler)

Turku

  • Aboa Vetus & Ars Nova Museum, Turku
  • Turku Science Park ElectroCity, Turku (1989)
  • Mehiläinen Clinic and Hospital, Turku
  • Allinkatu 1, Turku (1998)
  • Kupittaankatu 29, 29A and 59, Turku (1989)
  • Karialankatu 7, Turku (1996)
  • Kokkakatu 2, Turku (1996)
  • Ursininkatu 3, 3A, 3B and 3C, Turku
  • Lonttistentie 9, Turku (1991)
  • Reelinkikatu 7, Turku (1998)
  • Merimiehenkatu 5A and 9A, Turku (1995-1996)
  • Jungmanninkatu 1A, Turku (1995)
  • Laivurinkatu 8A, Turku (1996)
  • Itäinen Pitkäkatu 48A, Turku (1998)
  • Humalistonkatu 17A, Turku (modernized by Schindler)
  • Varsinais-Suomenkatu 21, Harittu, Turku
  • Nostoväenkatu 18B, Runosmäki, Turku (1993)
  • Lipunkantajankatu 22C, Runosmäki, Turku (1995)
  • Stålarminkatu 39C and 39D, Turku
  • IKEA, Espoo (modernized by Schindler)

Other cities

  • Tasalanaukio 3, Raisio (modernized by Kone)
  • As OY Kerttulankruunu, Raisio (1995)
  • S-market, Raisio (1993)
  • Jyväskylä Travel Center, Jyväskylä (2001)
  • Emännänkatu 2, Kaarina (modernized by Kone)
  • Hoviherrankatu 7A, Kaarina (1993)
  • Seurakuntakeskus, Mikkeli
  • Mannerheiminkatu 9-11A and 20K, Porvoo (1990)
  • Karis Svenska Lågstadium, Karis, Raseborg
  • Tampere Railway Station, Tampere
  • Naantali Spa Hotel, Naantali (1991)
  • VASO Tiroli, Naantali (1998)
  • Hotel Kalkstrand, Parainen
  • Carelicum (North Karelian Museum), Joensuu
  • Arktikum Museum, Rovanieni (1991)
  • Tietoportti, Saimaankatu 11, Lahti (1993)
  • K-Supermarket, Karjaa, Raasepori (modernized by Kone)
  • Anjalanraitti 7B, Kouvola (1988)
  • Prisma Shopping Center, Kouvola (1996)
  • Pitäjänmäentie 13C, Pitäjänmäki (1993)
  • Martinkatu 15A, Hyvinkää (1989)
  • Hanko Library, Hanko (1989)

Hong Kong

  • Hong Kong Museum of History, Tsim Sha Tsui (1998)[2]
  • Hong Kong Public Records Building, Kwun Tong (1997)
  • Healthy Village (Redeveloped Phase 2) Car Park, North Point (1997)
  • Harmony Garden Car Park, Siu Sai Wan (1997)
  • Saddle Ridge Garden, Ma On Shan (1993)
  • Portwealth Centre, Wan Chai (1995)
  • Neway, Full Win Commercial Centre, Yau Mau Tei (1995)
  • Aberdeen Tennis & Squash Centre, Aberdeen (2000)
  • Bo Shek Mansion, Tsuen Wan (1996)
  • But San Primary School, Tuen Mun (2000)
  • LCHKS Ma Kam Ming Charitable Foundation - Ma Chan Duen Hey Memorial College, Tseung Kwan O (1998)
  • Fanling Centre, Fan Ling (1991)

Singapore

  • Aranda Country Club, Pasir Ris
  • Jubilee Square, Ang Mo Kio
  • Toa Payoh Entertainment Centre
  • Toa Payoh Library (modernized by 9G Elevator)
  • Furama Riverview Hotel
  • Craig Place Car Park
  • West Coast Recreation Centre
  • Elite Industrial Building (modernized by IFE but done by Chevalier)

New Zealand

  • Willis Street Carpark, 155 Willis St, Wellington (1980)
  • Bunnings Warehouse, Tory St, Wellington
  • O'Connells, Queenstown
  • Queenstown Council, Queenstown

Other countries

  • Marktstrasse 28, Weinfelden, Switzerland
  • Palazzo Tibelva, Via Cantonale 35, Lamone, Switzerland
  • Tunis Carthage International Airport, Tunisia
  • Luxemboug Railway Station, Luxembourg

Gallery

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ General Elevator and Escalator Corporation
  2. ↑ Elevators only, while the escalators are Toshiba. Additional structure from Hong Kong Science Museum (elevators and escalators installed by Otis in 1991).

External links

Other/smaller/historic elevator companies
Full list of companies List of elevator and escalator companies
Operating Alcor Elevator • Anlev Elex • Automobile Rotary Lift Co. • Axel Lifts • CNIM • DAKA • Daldoss • Doppler • EITA • Electra • Grupo Excelsior • Guangri • Haushahn • HOSTING • IFE • IGV • Inter-Up • Isralift • IZAMET • Kfir • Kleemann • Koppel A.W. • Liftmaterial • MEI • Morris Vermaport • MP • Nova Elex • Omega • Orona • Payne • Pickerings Lifts • Pneumatic Vacuum Elevators • Schmitt + Sohn • SEC Elevators • Shenyang Brilliant (BLT) • SITES • SJEC • Stannah • Technos • Výtahy Ostrava • Waupaca • XJ Elevator
Defunct or fate unknown A&P. Steven • Amtech (Amtech Reliable • Amtech Elevator Services) • Armor • ASEA • Asea Graham • Atlas (Northern California) • Bennie Lifts • Boral Elevators • Cenia • China Schindler Elevator • DAN Elevator • DEVE • Dong Yang • Eggers-Kehrhahn • Elevadores Atlas • Elevadores Sûr • Elevators Pty. Ltd. • Ellis & McDougall • Evans Lifts • Falconi • FIAM • Flohr • General (CA, older) • Giant • GoldStar • Graham Brothers • Hammond & Champness • Haughton • Havemeier & Sander • Indolift • J&E Hall • Johns & Waygood • K.M. White • Končar • LG Elevator • MAN Aufzugsbau • Marryat & Scott • Miami Elevator • Millar • Montgomery • Nippon (Japan, defunct) • Northern Elevator Limited • Orenstein & Koppel • Payne • Reliable • Rheinstahl • Sabiem • Schlieren • Seaberg • Semag • Serge • Siemens • Smith, Major & Stevens • STAHL • Staley • Starlift Voorburg • Stigler • Thai Lift Industries • Tri-County Elevator Co. • Triboro • U.S. Elevator • Waygood & Co. • Yungtay • ZREMB
Temporary/construction elevator providers Alimak Hek • RECO • USA Hoist
Other companies Third-party elevator maintenance companies
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.